Configuring additional IPv6 addresses on Hetzner Cloud servers running Debian 12/13 requires a careful approach to work harmoniously with cloud-init. This guide is an updated version of my previous tutorial, reflecting lessons learned from production deployments and providing a more reliable method that avoids common pitfalls. What’s changed since the original guide: Note: These instructions…
This guide provides a streamlined yet comprehensive approach to upgrading Debian 12 (Bookworm) to Debian 13 (Trixie) on production servers. It balances efficiency with safety, based on real-world server upgrade experience. Pre-Flight Checklist Essential Preparations Schedule Maintenance Window: Plan for 30-60 minutes of downtime, depending on your server’s package count and internet speed. Backup Critical…
Sometimes package management on Ubuntu or Debian gets stuck because apt or dpkg can’t acquire a lock. This usually happens if an upgrade, install, or update process was interrupted or if another process is still running in the background. The error looks like this: Here’s a short guide on how to safely resolve the problem….
When performing standard system updates on Debian 12 systems with Incus installed via the Zabbly repository, administrators may encounter the following error messages: The EXPKEYSIG designation indicates that the repository’s GPG signing key has reached its expiration date, preventing APT from validating package authenticity. Technical Analysis Third-party repositories utilize GPG key expiration as a security…
If you’re running ZFS on a small VPS and have encountered compilation failures during system updates, you’re not alone. This tutorial covers a common issue that affects many system administrators managing ZFS on memory-constrained virtual private servers. The Problem During a routine system update on a Hetzner Cloud CAX11 VPS (2 vCPU, 4GB RAM) running…
If you’re a system administrator still managing LXD servers alongside newer Incus deployments, you may have recently encountered a frustrating error when trying to create new containers. This post will help you resolve the image repository access issue that emerged following Canonical’s reorganization of LXD resources. The Problem When attempting to launch a new container…
While Debian’s default repositories provide a stable version of Nginx, using the official Nginx repository ensures you have access to the latest features, security updates, and performance improvements as soon as they’re released. This guide walks you through installing and configuring Nginx directly from the official repository on Debian 12 (Bookworm), helping you maintain a…
Introduction System logs are crucial for debugging, monitoring, and understanding your Linux system’s behavior. However, unchecked journal growth can quickly consume valuable disk space, potentially impacting system performance and available storage. This guide provides a practical approach to managing systemd journal sizes across Debian and other systemd-based Linux distributions. Understanding Systemd Journals Systemd journals collect…
This guide provides detailed instructions for installing Debian 12 (Bookworm) on PC Engines ALIX system boards with comprehensive write protection mechanisms. While tested on the ALIX.2d13, these instructions should work for other ALIX models as well. Hardware Requirements Prerequisites Before starting the installation, ensure you have: 1. BIOS Configuration 2. Environment Setup First, set up…
In a previous article, we covered how to protect your Debian 12 server with nftables, where we configured a custom SSH port and locked down access to your server. As a follow-up, this guide will show you how to set up Fail2ban to add an additional layer of security by automatically banning IP addresses that…
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